1/5/2024 0 Comments Jmicrovision citationProteins and amino acids also stimulate the secretion of the insulinotropic hormones cholecystokinin (CCK), glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) and glucagon-like polypeptide-1 (GLP-1) from the enteroendocrine cells of the gut ( Reference Geraedts, Troost and Fischer 16, Reference Parker, Habib and Rogers 17 ). The insulinotropic properties of protein might be related to their propensity to rapidly release such amino acids. Individual amino acids can also enhance insulin secretion, such as the branched amino acids leucine, valine and isoleucine ( Reference Kalogeropoulou, Lafave and Schweim 13, Reference Calbet and MacLean 14 ) or arginine ( Reference Calbet and MacLean 14, Reference Sener, Best and Yates 15 ). Proteins are known to stimulate insulin secretion but the extent of this stimulation differs between food proteins: milk and cheese meals display higher postprandial insulin secretion than a gluten meal, for instance ( Reference Nilsson, Stenberg and Frid 12 ). The early growth of low-birth-weight (LBW) babies is promoted by special formulae with an even greater protein:energy ratio, possibly enhancing later metabolic drawback. This faster neonatal growth could predispose to later insulin resistance, as suggested in rodents ( Reference Gorski, Dunn-Meynell and Hartman 10 ) and human subjects ( Reference Singhal, Fewtrell and Cole 11 ). They hypothesised that protein intake, in excess of metabolic requirements, may enhance the secretion of insulin and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), and consequently growth. Some authors have proposed that the greater weight gain in formula-fed infants is caused at least in part by the higher intake of metabolisable protein ( Reference Koletzko, Broekaert and Demmelmair 9 ). Formula-fed babies grow faster from 3 to 9 months ( Reference Heinig, Nommsen and Peerson 6, Reference Victora, Morris and Barros 7 ) and are fatter at 1 year of age ( Reference Dewey, Heinig and Nommsen 8 ) than breast-fed babies. human milk proteins, resulting in a higher protein:energy ratio ( Reference Mace, Steenhout and Klassen 5 ). Formulae usually contain more protein than human milk to counteract the difference in essential amino acid profile of cow v. The underlying mechanisms are not elucidated yet and are certainly multiple, including differences in nutrient and bioactive factor content and in ingested quantities between breast milk and formulae. Observational studies have highlighted the protective effect of breast-feeding compared with formula feeding against childhood obesity ( Reference Arenz, Ruckerl and Koletzko 1 – Reference von Kries, Koletzko and Sauerwald 4 ). The present study demonstrated that up-regulation of postprandial insulin secretion is not involved in higher growth observed in piglets fed a HP formula. It has no consequences either on glucose tolerance 1 month after weaning. We concluded that a high-protein supply during the suckling period does not interfere with insulin secretion and endocrine pancreas maturation in the short term. The weight at birth had no major effect on the studied parameters. The structure of the endocrine pancreas was not affected by the protein content of the formula. Fasting insulin and HOMA-IR were restored to AP piglets' values 1 month after weaning. During the formula-feeding period, the HP formula did not modify postprandial insulin secretion but transiently increased fasting insulin and the homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR, P < 0♰5). Normal-birth-weight and low-birth-weight piglets were fed isoenergetic formulae providing an adequate-protein (AP, equivalent to sow milk) or a high-protein (HP, +48 %) supply between 7 and 28 d of age and were fed a standard diet until 70 d of age. The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that excessive protein intake during the suckling period would overstimulate the endocrine pancreas in the short term and alter durably its maturation, contributing to the later disruption of glucose homeostasis. Early postnatal nutrition is involved in metabolic programming, an excess of protein being suspected to enhance early growth and the propensity to later develop insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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